Criticle Article Review Violent Video Games Essay

Critical Article Review Psychology 475 Liberty University Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide a critical review of the article The Effect of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-life Violence by Nicholas L. Carnagey, Craig A. Anderson, and Brad J. Bushman (2007). In this article Carnagey, Ander and Bushman experimentally examine the effects that violent video games have on those playing them, specifically in the area of physiological desensitization. It is the goal of this review to provide readers with an overall summary and critique of the article. This review will describe, discuss, and evaluate the key points of Carnagey, Anderson, and Bushman’s article and†¦show more content†¦The authors then share their analysis on the changes of heart rate and GSR at the many different points throughout their study. In the discussion portion of the article the authors discuss the lowered reaction to the violent images in the video following the 20 minutes of violent video game stimulation. They also discuss th e fact that results were quite dramatic across the different individuals and attitudes toward violence. They also give insight into their results and the implication of the GAM concerning the prevalence of lowered arousal levels to violence acts following the violent stimuli via video games. Using the GAM they discuss implications such as people’s lowered likeliness to respond a victim in a violent situation if they are not in an aroused state in the midst of the violent act. Lastly the article addresses the need for future research concerning the topic of desensitization to violence and the areas in which they feel it would be most beneficial. For instance a need to study the effects of more long term exposure to violent video games in regard to desensitization as most young game players do so on a regular basis. In their conclusion Carnagey, Ander and Bushman (2007) go as far as to refer to the media as an â€Å"effective desensitization tool.† Critique Carnagey, Ander and Bushman (2007) seem to be well versed on the previous research done on the negative effects of violent media on those exposed to it. They seem

The Metamorphosis, By Bartleby, The Scrivener, And...

The Importance of Identity Identity plays an important role in a person’s life. It determines how a person lives, acts, communicates, and defines themselves in the world around them. During this semester, we have read a handful of short stories that have to do with an individual’s identity. Three of those stories include, â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† by Franz Kafka; â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† by Herman Melville; and â€Å"Orientation,† by Daniel Orozco. Each of these short stories gives examples of how your work can influence a person’s identity and attempt to remove the personal factor from everyday life. Identity is established in a number of ways throughout each of these stories. In the first story, â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† the main character, Gregor, has a moment where his identity changes in a literal sense. Gregor is a hard working son who provides for his family as a traveling salesman, but suddenly he wakes up one morning to find himself turned into a slimy, and horrifying insect. As his life is dramatically altered, Gregor can only think of one thing; work. Even as Gregor is trying to force his shell like figure out of his bed he says, â€Å"’Before it reaches a quarter past seven, I must absolutely be out of bed without fail. Besides, by then someone from the office will be sent here to ask about me, since it opens at seven’† (Kafka). Even though he has transformed into a hideous monster, he is only concerned about the trouble he will be in at work, rather than his unique situation.

Pros and Cons of Using Cloud Computing-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing to a Business. Answer: Introduction In the modern world, the internet is revolutionizing the way people interact and conduct business activities. Traditionally, both the software and hardware are exclusively accommodated by the users computer. In other words, the data and programs saved by the user can be fully accessed by the users computer (Masiyev, Qasymov, Bakhishova and Bahri, 2012, pp 4). Cloud computing enables a person to access programs and data outside their personal computing environment. Therefore, users can store their data in the cloud rather than store it on their computers. Some of the data types stored in the cloud could include databases, file services, emails, and applications. Basically, a person can connect to the cloud through internet after renting capacity from a service provider. Therefore, users do not need to purchase their personal IT requirements. The choice of a cloud model on the basis of business needs and data requirements is important. Project objective This project seeks to explain the meaning of cloud computing and also explain its advantages and disadvantages in a business setting. Cloud computing increases business efficiency and hence services can be rapidly deployed to the business. In a few minutes, services can be readily availed to a business. Traditionally, it took weeks or even months to avail the services. Despite business owners enjoying the numerous advantages of cloud computing, some drawbacks may be realized in the process. This paper will seek to expound on these benefits and also discuss the drawbacks that arise from the use cloud computing. Project scope This paper will form a great reference point for business owners who intend to adopt cloud computing for their businesses. It is evident that business owners need to understand the different models and adopt the most appropriate for their businesses. A proper choice may lead to the success of a business. On the other hand, the wrong choice may be detrimental to a business. However, the right choice may also experience some drawbacks. For instance, server applications may not have some features that are crucial to a business. Therefore, this project will serve to enlighten the business owners on the pros and cons accrued to the use of cloud computing. A business should not fully rely on cloud computing since even the most dependable cloud services providers experience blackouts. Literature review Cloud computing models It is important to identify the type of model that suits a given business before moving data to the cloud. There are basically four cloud computing models namely hybrid, community, private, public, and clouds. To start with, the private cloud is managed and maintained by an individual or a third party (Dinh, Lee, Niyato and Wang, 2013, pp 1590). A person or the third party is in charge of the infrastructure and services of the cloud. This option applies where a business deals with sensitive data which requires a high level of confidentiality. A community cloud is shared by a number of organizations, but the shared cloud is private. All these organizations have similar security requirements and considerations. The services of a public cloud are reserved off-site and can be accessed via the internet. The stored services are managed by organizations externally. Such organizations may include Microsoft and Google (Qi and Gani, 2012, pp 200). A public cloud saves on cost and enhances the level of flexibility. However, its vulnerability is high compared to a private cloud (Gupta, Seetharaman and Raj, 2013, pp 865). The final model is a hybrid cloud. It offers the services of both the private and public cloud. This being said, business owners should be able to study the benefits of each model and finally adopt the most beneficial model. Advantages of cloud computing While businesses may have distinct motivations, business owners seek cloud services regardless of their geographical location, industry, and business size. There are any benefits that are associated to use of cloud computing in businesses. To start with, cloud computing enhances the efficiency of service delivery within businesses (Kliazovich, Bouvry and Khan, 2012, pp 1263). Traditionally, it would take weeks or even months to deliver the same services. It should be noted, however, that cloud computing entails more than just accessing services and resources within minutes(Berman, Kesterson-Townes, Marshall and Srivathsa, 2012, pp 30). Cloud computing improves the agility of a business. The time taken to complete projects shortens resulting in quicker delivery of services. A quick delivery of high quality and cheap results would ensure a business gains a competitive advantage. Also, cloud computing facilitates the creation of new business models. The innovativeness of a business can be increased by the availability of cloud services. Proper utilization of the cloud resources ensures that the innovativeness of a business is enhanced and new streams of revenue are created (Avram, 2014, pp 530). In some cases, businesses are creating value propositions and new business models by entirely making use of cloud services. This is mostly the case with medium and small business enterprises. Use of cloud computing also reduces the operational costs of business entities. The defects and issues within a business can be reduced by maximum and proper utilization of the standardized cloud services (Fernando, Loke and Rahayu, 2013, pp 101). Moreover, the continuity of a business is increased and more time is spent on other issues rather than operational matters. Cloud computing enables business owners to use the same services repetitively and achieve the same results. Therefore, business organizations can predict and deploy applications, server images or applications by use of design patterns. Businesses realize the better use of available resources. Minimal operational issues and effectiveness of projects ensure that more time is spent on other meaningful activities that will eventually lead to a high business potential (Garrison, Kim and Wakefield, 2012, pp 65). Generally, cloud service providers offer a more efficient service option that is more meaningful and beneficial co mpared to the traditional approach. Disadvantages of cloud computing Despite the numerous benefits accrued to the use of cloud computing, some drawbacks may arise in the process. Notably, cloud computing does not solve all the problems that a business entity may be facing (Arora, Parashar and Transforming, 2013, pp 1925). Small businesses, for instance, may have distinct comfort levels and needs. Therefore, it would be more beneficial to adopt cloud computing only for specified services or applications. It is important to note that certain applications such as video editing applications are performance-intensive and may not suit the cloud (Beloglazov, Abawajy and Buyya, 2012, pp 760). The use of cloud computing is also associated with possible down time moments. Basically, cloud computing for small businesses depends solely on the internet connection. In a scenario where there is no internet connection, the business goes offline (Apostu, Puican, Ularu, G.E.A.N.I.N.A., Suciu and Todoran, 2013, pp 120). Also, slow internet speeds and frequent outages ma y render cloud computing useless for a business. It is important to note that even the best cloud service providers experience outages from time to time (Aljabre, 2012, pp 5). This being the case, the business owners should determine the level of their business dependability on cloud computing services. The application of cloud computing also results in some security issues (Chen and Zhao, 2012, pp 650). The question of data security arises given the fact that cloud computing could also mean internet computing (Zissis and Lekkas, 2012, pp 585). Therefore, it would be inappropriate for a business to use the cloud to store data that they would not like available on the internet. In the meantime, some cloud computing service providers may not be credible enough to offer data security. Cloud computing services may seem better, cheaper, and efficient compared to other solutions. However, it is important to have a good and well-informed comparison (Xu, 2012, pp 80). It is a fact that cloud applications are associated with less support infrastructure and capital investment. The cloud applications, however, may not have some important software features which are crucial to a business (Jadeja and Modi, 2012, pp 878). It is also important to note that there are some charges associated with the transfer of data. This may be the case where a business intends to transfer large data sizes. Conclusion In reference to this paper, cloud computing has some advantages and disadvantages. The modern businesses are quickly adopting the use cloud computing because it is cheap and efficient. Most businesses that use cloud computing are characterized by quick and cheap service delivery which enables them to establish and maintain a competitive edge. However, cloud computing has some disadvantages. Currently, data security is one of the major concerns. It is evident that storing data online may prompt hackers to penetrate the servers and access confidential data. Some cloud computing service providers may also not be trustworthy. As seen in this paper, business owners need to study the various cloud models and choose the one which would best suit their businesses. Bibliography Zissis, D. and Lekkas, D., 2012. Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), pp.583-592. Beloglazov, A., Abawajy, J. and Buyya, R., 2012. Energy-aware resource allocation heuristics for efficient management of data centers for cloud computing.Future generation computer systems,28(5), pp.755-768. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Xu, X., 2012. From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing.Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing,28(1), pp.75-86. Jadeja, Y. and Modi, K., 2012, March. Cloud computing-concepts, architecture and challenges. InComputing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 877-880). IEEE. Fernando, N., Loke, S.W. and Rahayu, W., 2013. Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future generation computer systems,29(1), pp.84-106. Chen, D. and Zhao, H., 2012, March. Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Kliazovich, D., Bouvry, P. and Khan, S.U., 2012. GreenCloud: a packet-level simulator of energy-aware cloud computing data centers.The Journal of Supercomputing,62(3), pp.1263-1283. Arora, R., Parashar, A. and Transforming, C.C.I., 2013. Secure user data in cloud computing using encryption algorithms.International journal of engineering research and applications,3(4), pp.1922-1926. Masiyev, K.H., Qasymov, I., Bakhishova, V. and Bahri, M., 2012, October. Cloud computing for business. InApplication of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), 2012 6th International Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Undavia, J.N. and Shah, N.P., Cloud Computing For Business. Xu, X., 2012. From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing.Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing,28(1), pp.75-86. Lin, A. and Chen, N.C., 2012. Cloud computing as an innovation: Percepetion, attitude, and adoption.International Journal of Information Management,32(6), pp.533-540. Aljabre, A., 2012. Cloud computing for increased business value.International Journal of Business and social science,3(1). Berman, S.J., Kesterson-Townes, L., Marshall, A. and Srivathsa, R., 2012. How cloud computing enables process and business model innovation.Strategy Leadership,40(4), pp.27-35. Apostu, A., Puican, F., Ularu, G.E.A.N.I.N.A., Suciu, G. and Todoran, G., 2013. Study on advantages and disadvantages of Cloud Computingthe advantages of Telemetry Applications in the Cloud.Recent Advances in Applied Computer Science and Digital Services. New York: Wseas,200, pp.118-123. Qi, H. and Gani, A., 2012, May. Research on mobile cloud computing: Review, trend and perspectives. InDigital Information and Communication Technology and it's Applications (DICTAP), 2012 Second International Conference on(pp. 195-202). ieee. Avram, M.G., 2014. Advantages and challenges of adopting cloud computing from an enterprise perspective.Procedia Technology,12, pp.529-534. Gupta, P., Seetharaman, A. and Raj, J.R., 2013. The usage and adoption of cloud computing by small and medium businesses.International Journal of Information Management,33(5), pp.861-874. Garrison, G., Kim, S. and Wakefield, R.L., 2012. Success factors for deploying cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,55(9), pp.62-68.

Katz Managerial Skill free essay sample

Introduction As the world enters more modern civilization, organizations also morph into more complex and competitive context. Thus, such situation will become more challenging for today’s managers in maintaining the viability of current organizations. Regarding to those issues, it is important to comprehend in depth on manager’s work. This essay commences a brief description of the manager interviewed. It will then evaluate the relevance of the Katz’s theory to the interviewed manager’s work. However, it will be more focused on the conceptual skill. Then, this essay will analyze on the relationship of several theories amongst Katz’ managerial work, Fayol’s management function and Mintzberg’s management roles. Finally, it will also examine the relation on Taylor’s four principles to the manager’s work. This essay concludes that every theory has its own limitation, thus, it disable to perfectly describe manager’s job. Description of the Interviewed Manager The interviewed manager that will be further discussed in this essay is a first-line manager. She is a supervisor in a branch of a non-local multinational in United States of America. The organization is a medium-sized restaurant which is in service sector. It has been running for about one and a half years. The interviewed manager has been working in the restaurant since it was opened. Her major duty is supervising the work of her members to achieve the optimum performance. Besides, monitoring the members work becomes her daily responsibility. Evaluation of Katz’s Managerial Skills Based on the interview conducted, it is significant that the manager’s work reflects particular managerial skills. In this context, the managerial skills will be evaluated based on Kat’s theory. Kat’s managerial skills are classified into three types: â€Å"conceptual, technical and human (interpersonal)† (Robbins et al. 2006, p. 14). Those skills are interrelated in implication of managerial activities. For further understanding, it is essential to identity the conceptual skill of the interviewed manager whether it is relevant to the Katz model or not. Robbins et al. (2006) define conceptual skill as â€Å"an ability to conceptualize and to think about abstract and complex situations†. According to Kat’s, this skill is mostly practiced by upper-level managers. It is necessary for top managers to possess because oftentimes they encounter obscure situations; thus, conceptual skill is required in order to overcome the problems. Furthermore, they have to be able to foresee all contingencies that might happen in the future. Robbins et al. (2006) point out that top manager should be able to interact with heterogeneous conditions in a broader scope of environment. According to the former, conceptual skill is less likely to be practiced by lower-level managers. Nevertheless, in a modern organization especially since global era, ideas can derive not only from executive managers, but also from low-level managers. Likewise, Chapman (2001) suggests that rigid hierarchy structure is no longer exists in new features organization as divisions or departments are connected horizontally to allow the fluid flow of information. In fact, it is reflected on the interviewed manager. Ms. X admitted that although new plans are generally instructed by her top manager, however, she also participated in contributing ideas in meeting. Moreover, she explained that she should be able to coordinate certain parts of business to achieve effectiveness that actually require conceptual skill. For instance, she needs to control the promptness of the work of internal personnel in process of cooking, monitor the waiters in serving food for customers and also ensure the satisfactory of customers for their services. Thus, it can be seen that basic conceptual skill is necessary for first-line managers to have which means Kat’s theory is not strongly reflected to the works of the interviewed manager. Apparently, the irrelevance is first because of in this particular business, conceptual skill is required for first-line manager in the activities. Second, a more flexible condition in modern era has forced managers’ activities to encompass conceptual skill in order to be more agile in engaging the changing conditions. Apart from conceptual skill, technical skill, according to Katz, is a very essential managerial skill especially for first-line and middle managers (Robbins et al. , 2006). However, proficiency of a specific knowledge is not required in the job of Ms. X. Peterson and Fleet (2004) mentions that a manager must have technical skill in order to â€Å"train, direct and evaluate subordinates performing specialized task†. Conversely, it is noteworthy that Ms. X is reasonable experienced to train and direct her members although she had never attended any educational process for her specific job. Thus, it can be concluded Katz theory may not be well reflected for certain jobs. The third is human skill (interpersonal skill) which is compulsory for all levels managers. Regardless on the levels, it is vital for managers to have interpersonal skill, as they need to have regular contacts to subordinates to achieve goals (Gillen and Carroll, 1987). Ms. X also agrees as her work in service sector, abilities to interact with diverse people is essential because she had to be able to cooperate with her members. Furthermore, she also had to get deal with many customers every day. Hence, interpersonal skill is considered as the most supreme skill for her job. Those reasons have advocated the Katz argument that managers at all levels need to have interpersonal skill as to work with and through other people effectively and efficiently. Analysis on Relationship on Theories of Katz, Fayol and Mintzberg Basically, the managers’ work can be clarified by using theories of Katz’s managerial skill, Fayol’s managerial function and Mintzberg’s manager roles. In fact, those theories are related and enable to explain the work of managers in a lucid picture. Katz’s human skill is reflected in Mintzberg’s interpersonal role that requires a manager to be able to interact with people.

McD Case Study Essay Example

McD Case Study Essay rMcDonald’s – Business Strategy in India Case Study Abstract This case study discusses how McDonald’s India managed to buck the trend in a struggling economy, its early years and business strategy to get more out of its stores in India. The case also briefly discusses how McDonald’s adapted to local culture in India, its localization and entry strategy, its strong supply chain and pricing strategy. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. McDonald’s entry into India 3. Exhibit I: McDonald’s – Country – Entry Year 4. The Indian Market – Top 10 per cent of the busiest markets globally 5. Localization Strategy . McDonald’s JV in India 7. Initial Challenges – ‘Culturally Sensitive’ Food 8. Understanding Indian Customs and Culture 9. An Indianized Menu, Re-engineered operations and no beef burger 10. Competition – Major Competitors in India and Globally 11. McDonald’s – Quick Facts 1 2. Time line of McDonald’s in India 13. Pricing Strategy – The Rs-20 trap and ‘Purchasing Power Pricing’ 14. Kiosks at store entrances for customers in a hurry 15. Home Delivery – McDonald’s Delivery Service or McDelivery 16. Out-of-home Breakfast – International McDonald’s format with local taste 17. McDonald’s Supply Chain Management (SCM) 18. Unique cold chain 19. Cutting costs 20. Exhibit II: McDonald’s Suppliers in India 21. Exhibit III: The Menu at McDonald’s India 22. Exhibit IV: McDonald’s – Early History and Growth 23. Exhibit V: Principles to McDonald’s business success 24. Questions for Discussion Case Study Keywords: Fast-food Retailing, McDonald’s India, Joint venture, Amit Jatia, Vikram Bakshi, localization strategy, pricing strategy, McIndia, quick service restaurants, cultural adaptation, local culture, supply chain management, SCM, McDelivery, unique cold chain Case Questions for Discussion 1. McDonalds has become the poster brand for recession-resilient business. What is McDonald’s doing right in India? What elements of its business strategy are working for it and how does it manage to get more out of its stores? 2. Does local adaptation contribute to business growth in a country? Explain McDonald’s efforts to adapt to the local culture in India. What challenges did McDonald’s face in India? 3. Have you ever visited a McDonald’s store? Compare and contrast your experience with another quick-service restaurant or fast-food joint you visited earlier. How can McDonald’s improve? Should it alter its strategy? Case Updates/Snippets World’s leading food service retailer – McDonald’s has more than 32,000 restaurants serving over 50 million customers each day in more than 119 countries. * McDonald’s competitors in India – McDonald’s competes with fast food chains like Pizza Hut, Domino’s Pizza, Pa pa John’s, Nirula’s and KFC in India. * McDonald’s Supply Chain – McDonald’s has a dedicated supply chain in India and sources 99% of its products from within the country. The company has strong backward integration right up to the farm level. * Quick service restaurants in India – By October 2009, McDonald’s India had more than 170 quick service restaurants in India. We will write a custom essay sample on McD Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on McD Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on McD Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Domino’s Pizza, which began operations in India in January 1996, has over 275 stores across 55 cities in the country. KFC has 46 restaurants across 11 cities in India. (KFC is one of the 5 brands owned by Yum!. KFC is a $12 billion global brand and a leading quick-service restaurant (QSR) in many countries. ) Nirula’s, one of India’s oldest food chains (completed 75 years in service in March 2009), has a network of around 62 outlets in five states across Northern India. Nirula’s, established in 1934 has interests in hotels, restaurants, ice cream parlours, pastry shops and food processing plants. Nirula’s was the first to introduce burgers in India. * Food Industry in India – In India, food industry and particularly informal eating out market is very small. In India, over quarter of a million customers visit McDonald’s family restaurants every day. The Indian fast food market is valued at $1-billion (Rs 4,547 crore) aprrox. * MFY (Made for You) food preparation platform – MFY is a unique concept (cooking method) where the food is prepared as the customer places its order. All new upcoming McDonald’s restaurants are based on MFY. This cooking method has helped McDonald’s further strengthen its food safety, hygiene and quality standards. McDonald’s has around 10 MFY restaurants in its portfolio. * How McDonald’s manages to keep its prices down? – Fast-food chains face a tough time balancing between margin pressures and hiking prices which can hurt volumes. Consequently, the chains have to increase rates or rework their strategies. Affordability has been the cornerstone of McDonald’s global strategy. Some of its measures to achieve this include – Bulk buying, long-term vendor contracts, and manufacturing efficiencies. McDelivery Online – In India, McDonald’s first launched home delivery of meals in Mumbai in 2004. McDonald’s now has plans to launch web-based delivery service in India (across 75 McDelivery cities) in 2010, a pilot for which has already been tested by it in Hyderabad. The company hopes to add 5 per cent to sales via Web delivery. McDo nald’s web-based delivery model will be based on serving the customer quickly wherein the drive time does not exceed seven minutes because its food has to be eaten within ten minutes of preparation. The footfalls in India are amongst the highest in the world, but the average bill is amongst the lowest. At present (March 2010), Domino’s Pizza (operated by Bhartia Group-promoted Jubilant Foodworks under a master franchise agreement) has a 65% market share in the home delivery segment. * Most Preferred Multi Brand Fast Food outlets: In 2009, McDonald’s India won the CNBC Awaaz Consumer Awards for the third time in the category of the Most Preferred Multi Brand Fast Food outlets. * McDonald’s India in 2010 – In 2010, McDonald’s India plans to open 40 more outlets. The company has also earmarked a budget of Rs 50-60 crore to market its new products and initiatives for consumers. Its new marketing campaign is titled – ‘Har Chotti Khushi Ka Celebration’ – in other words ‘celebrate little joys of life’ where it positions McDonald’s as a venue for enriching life of consumers. In South India, McDonald’s has 29 outlets and plans to add 10 more by end of 2010. * Taco Bell in India – In March 2010, Taco Bell, the Mexican specialty chain owned by US-based fast food brands operator Yum! Restaurants launched its first outlet in Bangalore, India. The company which also operates brands like Pizza Hut and KFC plans for contract farming to open up to 100 outlets by 2015 and also expand into Tier-II and -III Indian cities eventually. * Local Vegetarian Menu: In India, McDonald’s does not offer pork or beef-based products. It’s menu is more than 50 per cent vegetarian. The fast food retail chain has separate production lines and processes for its vegetarian and non-vegetarian offerings. * High Real-Estate costs in India: In many countries, in a Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) a customer comes in, buys and then leaves. This is known as a revolving door concept. But an Indian customer believes in a dine-in culture. This adds to the real estate costs which goes as high as 20-25 per cent as compared to 10-15 per cent globally. * The most important meal for QSRs- Morning Meals (Breakfast):According to market research company, the NPD Group, breakfast accounted for nearly 60 per cent of the restaurant industry’s traffic growth over the past five years in the U. S. Quick service restaurants sold 80 per cent of the over 12 billion morning meals served at US restaurants for the year ending in March 2010. OOH Branding: According to Rameet Arora, senior director – marketing, McDonald’s India (West and South), McDonald’s India may be the largest out-of-home branding (OOH) in the country. McDonald’s India has restarted OOH (out-of-home branding) after a 7 to 8 year break to reach to their target group. * Employees and Customers: In India, McDonald’s employs 5,000 peopl e and serves half a million customers a day via its 169 family restaurants. McDonald’s has 85,000 employees and serves 2. 5 million customers a day in the UK.

Invasion of the Zebra Mussels essays

Invasion of the Zebra Mussels essays There has been an incursion into the sovereign territory of the United States of America. The Zebra mussel, an animal much akin to the clam, has colonized nearly every hard surface in the Great Lakes area, and many rivers and streams attached to them. These invaders arrived on ships from England, pumped out through the ballast. Zebra mussels are from a different environment (England), thus they are classified as an exotic species. These pesky animals threaten the entire Great Lakes ecosystem. The invasion has created many problems for the local ecosystem. First of all, Zebra mussels take the food for which native species already compete. Each mussel consumes about a liter of different types of plankton. Small fish lose their food, and their numbers dwindle. Big fish no longer have small fish to eat, and the entire food chain is disrupted. Now that the natives dont have enough food to go around, mortality rates are going up and they are starting to die out. Another problem theyve created is clogging on industrial units. They reproduce en mass and attach themselves to anything they find, including docks, boat ramps, and waste pipes. All the industries in the area now have to worry about scraping these mini-invaders off. Yet another problem theyve created is contaminated drinking water. The intake pipes in Lake Michigan and elsewhere are covered with mussels. Without being removed, they contaminate water and move on to clog up city pipes. Still another problem is their colo nization of rock reefs. With the mussels being several inches deep in places, their waste is poisoning the area and fish that would normally lay their eggs there must look elsewhere for nesting areas. Now natality is down and mortality is up. A final problem they cause is damage to property. By latching onto boats and other floating objects, they can and will damage them. They cause innumerable problems, so now the ...

Performance Management assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance Management assignment - Essay Example By doing so, organizations can easily project their profitability and thereby formulate effective strategies for business expansion. However, it is observed that budgetary forecasts in the modern era are not always accurate and result-bearing due to frequent market fluctuations. A recent statement from accounting press reflects that â€Å"the downturn has rendered budgets agreed last year largely irrelevant† (as cited in Jarman and Bibekar, 2009). This paper explores the scope of traditional annual budgeting process in the modern period. Generally, companies prepare budget for the whole financial period of 12 months. This forecast for a long period of 12 months seems useless in this fast changing business scenario as the deepening downturn and increase in economic volatility largely alter nation’s economic structure. Therefore, economic and market conditions after 12 months will probably be much different from that of the current situation. Similarly, today’s hig hly volatile nature of economy raises several constraints to the forecastability of the future economy. In short, the role of traditional annual budgeting process is not helpful in the present business era since it would not predict the future economic conditions accurately. In addition, the conventional practices associated with annual budgeting and forecasting processes involve higher costs. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) survey in 2009, on an average basis, every company employs an equivalent of ‘eight full-time staff to budgeting and forecasting’ (as cited in Jarman and Bibekar, 2009). The application of various modern financial and accounting tools is essential to predict the future economic variance. Similarly, under traditional budgeting system, a considerable portion of time is spent on data collection and tabulation activities. Hence, we can clearly assess the fact that budgeting and thereby forecasting process also includes cumbersome human efforts and it generally lasts up to three months. However, the degree of economic volatility would determine the success or failure of annual budget. As a result, if the economic conditions turn to be unfavorable in future, it will not only affect the success of the budget but also the cost spent on the formulation of the budget. Many economic conditions may adversely affect the effectiveness of a formulated financial budget. Most of the multinational companies value their various revenues and expenditures on the basis of predicted exchange rate of currency. If the fluctuation unfavorably exceeds the forecasted limits, then the expected revenues and expenditure would vary accordingly. Naturally, this situation may impede the successful progress of the designed annual budget. Similarly, different government regulations such as taxation and trade barriers raise further difficulties to the application of annual budgeting. When government increases tax imposition on trade activities, companies are forced to spend more on taxation which result in proportional increase in expenditure; and that will be higher than the budgeted expenditure. Moreover, economic downturn causes large deviation in budgeted figures. In such situations, firms are compelled to postpone their predetermined developmental policies since they need to spend more on other sectors in order to stabilize the economic growth. It is very difficult for the companies to predict whether there will be an economic downturn within

Dementia - an Issue in Mental Health Nursing Coursework - 1

Dementia - an Issue in Mental Health Nursing - Coursework Example It is imperative for mental health nurses to develop professional awareness of the dementia problem and its risks in older people, in order to understand the ways of addressing this problem, as well as the personal and medical needs of older people. This paper aims at investigating the issue of dementia in older people from the standpoint of a mental health nurse. The paper will discuss and critically evaluate the significance of the problem for older people. Prevalence of dementia in older people and its effects on the critical life functions will be discussed. The paper will analyze the challenges, which mental health nurses face while trying to deliver high-quality nursing care. Other aspects of mental health care will be discussed, including nursing paradigms and therapeutic approaches, the role and the boundaries of a mental health nurse in dementia care, and the role of effective planning and nurse-patient interactions in caring for older patients suffering from dementia. Legal and ethical factors of dementia care will be evaluated. This paper will expose the key problems related to mental health nursing and its role in dementia care. Practical recommendations for mental health nurses will be provided. Dementia is one of the most serious and complicated mental health problems with older people. More often than not, dementia exemplifies a serious challenge to mental health nursing. Dementia is challenging, because (a) the number of older people, including those with dementia, constantly grows, and (b) dementia requires that nurses develop complex approaches to care, in order to reduce its negative influence on other life functions. The World Health Organization believes that the growing proportion of older people to the total population is a global phenomenon, and increasing age turns chronic health conditions into the issue of the main health importance (Anonymous 2009a). Among the most common health problems in older people, mental health disorders and cognitive impairments feature prominently (Anonymous 2009). Dementia and depression as the two most widely spread forms of chronic mental conditions later in life (Anonymous 2009a). Needless to say, the higher the proportion of olde r people to the general population, the more acute the problem of dementia grows. In its 2009 report, WHO estimated that almost 36 million older people worldwide would be diagnosed with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in 2010 (Sorrell 2010). This number is likely to double every 20 years (Sorrell 2010). These statistical results have far-reaching implications for health care systems’ operation and functioning. These implications are equally relevant to mental health nurses. Nurses need skills and knowledge to anticipate the development of cognitive changes in older people and guarantee high-quality care, which reduces social stigmatization of patients with dementia and improves their life and wellbeing.

Auditing And The Public Interest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing And The Public Interest - Assignment Example Being prepared by either internal or external auditors, audit report gives the evaluation of the performance of a company. The reports are not only essential to the management but also they are heavily relied upon by other parties including the shareholders, government, financial institutions and the general public. It is important to note that auditors only give an opinion as to whether or not the financial statements depict the correct financial position of a company. This paper seeks to discuss whether the current international regulatory environment for the auditing is effective in ensuring that investors and owners are provided with reliable information by external auditors. Public interest in relation to the (accounting and) audit profession According to the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) public interest entails the entity or individuals who are directly affected by the financial reports that are given by auditors or by the accountants. One of the major objectiv es that accountancy profession must strive to achieve is to safeguard the interest of the public. This includes provision of accurate and reliable financial information that is vital in making investment decision. ... essential to note that by ensuring uniformity in the financial statements of various companies, members of the public are in a position to determine the profitable and the well managed organizations. One of the major aspects of accountancy as depicted by Gonzalo (2009) is that in order to attain an efficient economy, it is vital for the financial accounts to be accurate and comparable. In this way, companies can access the risks that may negatively affect the public investments. He also stipulates that proper financial reporting results into efficient economic outcomes and common good while poor reporting adversely affect the performance of an economy. To create public confidence especially in the financial market, it is prudent for companies to provide adequate information that eliminates uncertainty which demotivates individuals to engage in transactions. Provision of independent certification which is the major role of auditors significantly creates confidence among the investors particularly in the current world of asymmetric information (Gonzalo 2009). In the same way, certainty is a key aspect that motivates individual to engage in purchasing of company products. In this regard, auditors should play an imperative role of public certification in order to increase public confidence and reduce uncertainty thus lowering the prices of the commodities. This will not only result to financial stability but also it generates social benefits to the individuals. One of the notable implications of proper auditing and professional accountancy is that they ensure comparability and verifiability of the financial information thus propagating public interest since they result to efficiency of markets. In order to ensure advancement of public interest, it is vital for auditors and

How Is Inactivity And Obesity Effecting Children Young People Essay

How Is Inactivity And Obesity Effecting Children Young People Essay The rise of inactivity and its consequences The prevalence of sedentary lifestyles is increasing in America and much of the developed world. In the US (our core geographic area of focus for this project) this trend coupled with poor eating choices has notably manifested itself in rising obesity rates across the country over the past two decades as depicted in Exhibit 1. As of 2008, over 68% of Americans were categorized as being overweight, with nearly half of that group being defined as obese or morbidly obesei. Between 1980 and 2002 overweight rates for children aged 6 11 more than doubled from 7% to 16%ii. Today that number is estimated to be closer to 20%iii. Shortened life spans. More than 14% of deaths in the US in 2003 resulted from obesity related conditions; and Diminished motivation to be active. Being overweight or obese makes physical activity more challenging, thus requiring greater commitment and effort to be active compared to a healthy weighted individual. The more overweight people become due to reduced levels of activity the less likely they are to engage in future activity. Furthermore, obesity is often tied to depression which causes individuals to experience lower levels of energy and motivationiv. Teenagers the gateway to addressing rising inactivity levels . The number of years a consumer leads an active life; The variety of sports or fitness related activities the consumer engages in over those years; and The products that the two factors above drive demand for. In order to optimize across all drivers we honed in on teenagers (primarily 13-15) as our focus segment. We view other groups, such as adults and, retirees, and so forth, who have a shorter customer lifetime value and being, as being more set in their ways, both in terms of habit and product affinities. In arriving at this focal segment we have taken the following factors into consideration: According to the Eight Stages of Development, adolescents learn about and define who they are between the ages of approximately 12 and 19. If being athletic, or at least active, is not established as central to ones identity, the probability of prioritizing athletic activity later in life is likely diminished. If more children define themselves as being active during this influential period, the market for healthy, sustainable athletes will likely increase over time. From a commercial perspective, the potential lifetime value of an active teenager is likely to be higher than that of an average U.S. adult. Firstly the cost of acquiring an active youth is lower, as there are fewer barriers to exercise/activity as outlined above. Secondly, the number of years that teenagers have to be active is significantly greater as they not only start younger but may potentially live longer due to their adoption of healthy and active lifestyles. Teenagers generally have lower opportunity costs of activity and learning to exercise than adults. A combination of the greater amounts of leisure time available to them and their propensity to experiment with new things makes teenagers more likely to be comfortable learning about and engaging in activity. Teenagers also tend to have many opportunities to choose to engage in activities. These include physical education (PE) programs, sports teams, community teams, and informal pick-up games. Section 2 of this report presents key underlying influences and trends that currently inhibit and have the potential to further diminish activity levels among teenagers. Section 3 of this report then discusses the selection criteria that potential solutions must satisfy in order to most effectively address the problem of teen inactivity. Finally Section 4 lays out a potential solution aimed at leveraging key influences to encourage more active lifestyles among teenagers. Section 2: Factors underlying teenage inactivity Family influences In order to address the rising levels of inactivity among teenagers, it is necessary to first identify and understand the primary network of influencers that ultimately impact their decision making behavior and involvement in activities. Dual income single parent households Traditionally parents have been one of the strongest sources of influence over teenagers, and have played a crucial role in shaping their overall growth and development. However insights from interviews conducted with families in the Boston area suggest that shifts in the overall structure and composition of the average American family have decreased the amount of influence that parents exert over their children. In particular, the steady increase in the number of dual income earners1 and the rise in the number of single parent households highlight that parents today are facing increasing time constraints. A significant consequence of this phenomenon is that teenagers are increasingly subject to less direct parental oversight, as working parents often outsource the supervision of their children to external parties such as baby-sitters, nannies and daycare centers. While parents have a vested interest in encouraging their children to lead active lives in order to promote overall health and well-being, external parties are more likely to encourage teenagers to engage in sedentary, home-based activities that are easier to supervise. Examples of such activities include watching TV, surfing the internet or playing video games. Decline of parental role models Another implication of parental time constraints is that parents have less face-to-face time with their children and consequently fewer opportunities to educate them on the merits of leading an active lifestyle and adopting healthy eating habits. Given these time constraints parents themselves are also less likely to demonstrate the very behaviors that they aim to instill in their children. Thus, an absence of role models that are leading active lives in the household could further explain why teenagers are tending towards more sedentary lifestyles. Additionally, if parents spend less time prioritizing the on-going supervision and support of their childrens activity levels, teenagers may feel less motivated to participate in sports or other physical activities at school. For example our interviews with parents suggest that parental inability to attend games to cheer for their children or even provide the basic resources that support their childrens involvement in sports, such as providing rides to practice, may result in teenagers being less inclined or able to pursue active lifestyles. Evolution of family dining A further implication of parental time constraints is that working parents are increasingly relying on convenience and on-the-go food solutions for meal preparation. These habits can have a profound impact on the overall health and well-being of their children as evidenced by Child Development research which suggests there is a link between the number of years a working mother spends in the workforce and their childs BMI.v The increase in child obesity has attracted a great deal of media attention which has, in turn, resulted in a heightened sense of awareness of health wellness issues among parents. The observation that child obesity persists in the face of this awareness suggests that parents are precluded from developing solutions because they lack the necessary tools to motivate their children in the face of time constraints. This insight highlights an area of opportunity for Nike to provide tools to: Assist parents in incentivizing their children to lead more active lives; and Assist parents in motivating their children in a way that fits into their busy schedules. Crime parental attitudes An emphasis on helicopter parenting2, which has gained popularity in recent times, combined with the persistent coverage of criminal activity in the media has resulted in a heightened sense of paranoia around crime levels and neighborhood safety among parents. The implications of helicopter parenting are straightforward. As parents become more concerned about the overall safety of their neighborhoods they are more likely to only allow outside activity with adult supervision. However, due to their personal time constraints, they often encourage their children to stay indoors or commute to school by car, rather than engage in outdoor activities or walk, for example. In this case, parents appear to be prioritizing the short term benefits of child safety over the long term risks of obesity and other future health problems due to reduced activity levels Friend influences Increasing prominence of friends as influencers Siblings, particularly older ones, have traditionally been a powerful source of influence over teenagers. Younger siblings generally tend to emulate the behavior and habits of their older siblings, especially if there is a positive relationship between the two. However as the size of U.S. households continue to decline, the average teenager is growing up with fewer siblings to rely on and learn behaviors from. As a result of teenagers being exposed to fewer siblings and busier parents, peers and friend groups have gained more prominence in the influence and authority they have over teenagers lives. School influences In light of the factors discussed above, such as the limited amount of time parents spend with their children; external environments can serve as important influences on teenagers. Schools are not only a physical representation of where teenagers spend most of their time outside the home, but are also the arena within which their social networks converge. Teacher attitudes resource constraints Given that teenagers are highly exposed to their social networks at school, their fear of failing at physical activities can often overshadow their desire to try something new or different to shine in front of their peers causing them to shy away from any activity. For example, a school that has a reputation for being a leader in a certain sport, say basketball, may place significantly more emphasis on winning than inclusion. In such environments, children have less room to fail, that is to say, not to be good at basketball. Such overtly competitive situations can lead to divisions (ball players vs. non ball players) which amplify less skilled students feelings of inadequacy. Teachers serve as de facto parents in the school environment. Their attitudes towards general wellness and encouraging teenagers can be powerful drivers of childrens sustained engagement in activities. However, the continuous budgetary pressures schools face often result in understaffing, which causes teachers to stretch themselves very thinly across large student bodies. In these situations, teachers may not be able to provide the level of encouragement and personal attention necessary for children to enthusiastically engage in activities. If a child does not enjoy participating in an activity, the child is unlikely to engage in that activity again in the future. Tension between academics activity Teenagers are increasingly living in an achievement-oriented society, wherein the results of their efforts today can have a profound impact on their future options. In light of this, parents are getting their children involved in an array of extracurricular activities, such as debating clubs and honors classes, in order to increase their childrens chances of getting into good colleges. This additional competition on teenagers time often leads to reduced levels of activity. City influences Rural vs. urban settings The natural resources and climate of a region can impact activity levels depending on the type of sports they encourage. For example, hiking is an activity that requires minimal financial resources to participate and would likely encourage higher levels of activity. However, the relatively higher cost of participation in skiing may deter people from adopting the sport and therefore drive lower levels of activity. Media Technology influences Celebrity influence Proliferation of media distribution channels Celebrities and pop culture icons have become significant influencers of social behavior as children spend less time with their parents. The emergence of distribution channels such as Twitter has increased teenagers ability to gain direct access to celebrities. Given parents limited ability to monitor their childrens internet and mobile phone usage, teenagers are now accessing messages of varying quality. For example, children are no longer confined to watching PBS, which has focus on activity and wellness. They can now watch the latest craze on YouTube or access celebrity gossip on other outlets, which typically place a premium on glamorous lifestyles over healthy ones. Such messages can have a great degree of influence on children, who are particularly impressionable. Addictive characteristics of technology Perpetually connected to the internet and their mobile devices, teenagers today have become attuned to interacting with their environments using technology. Activity which requires them to disengage from electronic devices may be seen as dull and involve de-addiction from perceived high stimuli technology driven experiences. Physical vs. virtual interaction The advent of mobile phones and online social networks has reduced teenagers need to meet in person, as they can rely on the immediacy of virtual communication. The increased usage of these platforms has fundamentally changed the ways in which teenagers interact with one another by allowing them to remain socially engaged without needing to physically walk or bike over to see a friend.

Extent the Nurse is to Blame in Romeo and Juliet Essay example -- Shake

In Romeo and Juliet, to what extent is the Nurse to blame for the tragedy? In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the Nurse, by her thoughtless support of the affair between the lovers and fickle counsel, is partly to blame for the tragedy. However, it is not one factor alone that brings about the death of Romeo and Juliet, but a combination of significant actions and underlying forces. In spite of this, is certain that the Nurse played a serious role in encouraging the lovers? relationship to blossom. Instead of advising Juliet on the dangers of a love that is ?too rash, too unadvis?d, to sudden?, she continues to place Romeo upon a pedestal, proclaiming his ?face be better than any man?s, his leg excels all men?s, his [body parts] are past compare?. Her haste for Juliet to ?hie hence to Friar Lawrence? cell?, and preparations for ?cords? to be brought for Romeo to ?convoy [to Juliet] in the secret night?, are gestures that illustrate her desire for their relationship to progress quickly. Therefore by offering her approval of Romeo, the Nurse inadvertedly strengthens Juliet?s devo...

The Benefits of British Rule

Brett Fields World History II Section 003 Professor Haug India was a British colony in the 18th century between 1858 and 1947, the Indian solders assisted the British to conquer India, and they were however mistreated at the hands of their colonizers and denied higher positions which they were qualified for. This was a strategy used by the colonizers to ensure that they maintain control and power over the natives. Moreover Indians were traded as slaves to other British colonies where they provided free labor which enhanced the growth of the Britain economy.In the process of exploiting India, the British improved the transport system through construction of roads and railways to ease the transportation of manufactured goods such as textiles and machines. The improved transport system eased the movement of goods and people and improved. People were able to access the market easily and it led to the spread of trade. The judicial system was improved through establishment of law courts wh ere disputes and cases could be settled amicably.In order to incorporate democracy, schools and universities were established, since the native only spoke in their mother tongue, they had to be taught English for easier communication. Christianity was also introduced by the missionaries, who also did some translation of the bible to the native Arabic languages. British rule in India had both benefits and detriments to the citizens. To start with the benefits experienced included:The Indians had a practice of burying their widows alongside their husband’s corpse.They could be tied to a pile to prevent them from running away, a practice termed; â€Å"concremation†, the British outlawed the practice and introduced a rule where the Hindu widows could be remarried. Schools and universities were introduced; this assisted the natives to obtain an education which would play a role of helping them increase their knowledge and hence led to better equipped individuals who were to improve their countries economy.The improved civilization helped reduce oppression caused by the rulers. There was freedom of speech, association which ensured justice prevailed among the natives. Democracy was introduced such that Indians had an opportunity to select their leaders. There was increase in exports with the improved transport system, goods such as tea, indigo were transported to other countries which ensured that they earned foreign exchange and lead to improved economy.The Indians were issued with loans from England. This money was used in constructing railways to ease transport and in irrigation of the plants Despite all these benefits the native Indians also faced some detriments on the other hand, these included: Indians were denied political positions; the British believed the admission of natives to high offices must be effected slowly. This was to protect their interests and power over the Indians such that they could not be overthrown.As Macaulay puts it; â₠¬Å"Propter vitam vivendi perdere causas,†[â€Å"To lose the reason for living, for the sake of staying alive†]. Many are the times when the British breached the promises and pledges made to the native on their inclusion to the governance of the county. New modes of taxations were devised, but the natives never had the means to raise the money to be paid as tax. This was an exploitative move by the Britons; it increased the inequitable financial relation between England and India.The British established a textileindustry in Britain and would buy wool at a cheaper price from India manufacture clothes and sell them to the Indians at an expensive price. This exploitation lead many Indians being unemployed. On the contrary the Britain economy improved greatly, on account of the materials from India. The British’ main role in India was to bring civilization to the people. They did this by establishing schools and universities where the locals improved their knowledge.W ith education came the need to do away with some of the traditions which were detrimental to the society well-being. Widows were not required to marry again after the demise of their husbands There was creation of social amenities such as health centers and hospitals which in general helped reduced the number of deaths greatly as the people could seek medical attention from the hospitals as opposed to other traditional methods which were less effective.The transport system was also improved by construction of roads and railway lines. This eased the movement of people from one place to another as they took part in trade. Certain industries were set up, which provided employment opportunities and increased the amount of goods available to be transported as exports. The missionaries visited India during this colonial period and introduced Christianity to the Indians. Since they had to learn how to read the bible, they went to school and got he necessary skills which would later be requ ired as some of them became clergymen. They also used the knowledge acquire in bible translation to help spread the gospel to the natives were not conversant with the English language. The British aimed to reduce the dependency of the natives; this was a selfish move as they only targeted the improvement of their economy. Most Indians knew only their vernacular language; as such it was hard for them to be educated by use of their mother-tongue.They were taught a foreign language; English which eased the communication especially in the schools, since the tutors were of British origin. Some translations of the books were made to the Sanscrit and Arabic dialect which were the common native languages. Indian writers Dadabhai Naoroji and Raja Rammohan Roy have given an opinion as to how they viewed the British rule in the 18th century. Both of them agree that through the British rule, India has developed, despite the developments observed, they also enumerate some weaknesses accustoming the colonization period.Dadabhai Naoroji appreciates what the British did for his country as he clearly states in his summary: â€Å"the British rule has been: morally, a great blessing; politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on the other; materially, impoverishment, relieved as far as the railway and other loans go. â€Å" He appreciates the effort done to improve an otherwise dwindling economy. As Naoroji summarized the benefits; â€Å"A slowly growing desire of late to treat India equitably, and as a country held in trust. Good intentions. No nation on the face of the earth has ever had the opportunity of achieving such a glorious work as this.I hope in the credit side of the account I have done no injustice, and if I have omitted any item which anyone may think of importance, I shall have the greatest pleasure in inserting it. I appreciate, and so do my countrymen, what England has done for India, and I know that it is only in British hands that her regeneration c an be accomplished†, it can clearly be alluded that he was in full support and appreciation of what the Britons did to improve his country India. Raja Rammohan Roy studies extensively the practice of burning widows alive.He gives a defense on why women should not be considered as the inferior gender if they are not given an equal opportunity as their male counterparts as he outlines; â€Å"If, after instruction in knowledge and wisdom, a person cannot comprehend or retain what has been taught him, we may consider him as deficient; but as you keep women generally void of education and acquirements, you cannot, therefore, in justice pronounce on their inferiority. † Many accusations are thrown at women which Roy considers as injustice as he enumerates in his article, these accusations do not have any basis whatsoever as he advocates for them to be disregarded.Roy in regard to marriage arrangement had this objective: â€Å"with respect to their subjection to the passions, this may be judged of by the custom of marriage as to the respective sexes; for one man may marry two or three, sometimes even ten wives and upwards; while a woman, who marries but one husband, desires at his death to follow him, forsaking all worldly enjoyments, or to remain leading the austere life of an ascetic. † In their defense, Roy saw it not fair for a man to have many wives and fail to provide for her and her children.In such situations the woman would rely on her brothers and father for the children upkeep. Where a husband takes two or three wives to live with him, they are subjected to mental miseries and constant quarrels. The benefits outweigh by far the detriments brought about by the British rule. It has improved the Indian economy greatly in all sectors that is; politically, socially, economically. The Indian authors seem to support this fact as they seek ways in which they can reduce the negative effects. References Bose, Sudhindra. Some aspects of British ru le in India,. Iowa City: The University, 1916.Embree, Ainslie Thomas. Charles Grant and British rule in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962. Eraly, Abraham. India. New York, N. Y. : DK Pub. , 2008. Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1964. Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India; a historical sketch.. London: Smith, Elder and Co. ; [etc. ], 1857. Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London: Macmillan and Co. , 1934. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Bose, Sudhindra.Some aspects of British rule in India,. Iowa City: The University, 1916. [ 2 ]. Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India; a historical sketch.. London: Smith, Elder and Co. ; [etc. ], 1857. Bose, Sudhindra. Some aspects of British rule in India,. Iowa City: The University, 1916. [ 3 ]. Martinea u, Harriet. British rule in India; a historical sketch.. London: Smith, Elder and Co. ; [etc. ], 1857. [ 4 ]. Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India; a historical sketch.. London: Smith, Elder and Co. ; [etc. ], 1857. [ 5 ]. Martineau, Harriet. British rule in India; a historical sketch..London: Smith, Elder and Co. ; [etc. ], 1857. [ 6 ]. Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1964. [ 7 ]. Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1964. [ 8 ]. Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, and Savitri Mahajan. British rule in India and after,. 6th ed. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1964. [ 9 ]. Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London: Macmillan and Co. , 1934. [ 10 ]. Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt.Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London: Macmillan and Co. , 1934. [ 11 ]. Eraly, Abraham. India. New York, N. Y. : DK Pub. , 2008. [ 12 ]. Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London: Macmillan and Co. , 1934. [ 13 ]. Embree, Ainslie Thomas. Charles Grant and British rule in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962. [ 14 ]. Thompson, Edward John, and G. T. Garratt. Rise and fulfillment of British rule in India,. London: Macmillan and Co. , 1934. [ 15 ]. Eraly, Abraham. India. New York, N. Y. : DK Pub. , 2008.

Things Fall Apart

Things Fall Apart Goals are helpful in life to make one work harder at the wanted task; however, too much of anything is not helpful at all and can turn into an obsession. Also, one must realize change is inevitable. Living your entire life based on trying not to be like someone is not beneficial as proven in Chinua Achebe‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ¯s, Things Fall Apart and having the fear of change will cause one to live in fear forever. The protagonist, Okonkwo, has strong characteristics that make him successful and earn many honor titles. Unfortunately, he does have major character flaws that lead to his demise.One of his major character flaws that I noticed was his obsession with trying to be better than his father was. Now, those characteristics are beneficial to have because it allows one to strive harder for specific goals. One of my main motivations in life is to become successful so I will never have to struggle like my parents did.English: Igbo Ukwu pendant.Just as Okonkwo did not want to be like his father, Nwoye did not want to be like Okonkwo. Nwoye possessed traits that Okonkwo did not such as gentleness, forgiveness, and acceptance. Okonkwo saw these as signs of weakness. "Okonkwo never showed any emotion openly, unless it be the emotion of anger. To show affection was a sign of weakness; the only thing worth demonstrating was strength" (Achebe 28). Okonkwo considered Nwoye to be lazy and wanted him to be a success like himself. "Okonkwo wanted his son to be a great farmer and a great man. I will not have a son who cannot hold up his head in the gathering of the clan. I would sooner strangle him with my own hands" (Achebe 33). This is an example of the difference in personal...

Early History of the Celts essays

Early History of the Celts essays The Ancient Celts were not an illiterate people, but they transferred their knowledge orally. They had an alphabet of twenty letters called Ogham. Each letter was named after a tree from the land where they lived. Ogham was used on standing stones, primarily on graves and boundary markers. The primary sources of information about the Celts are, in that light, the texts written by the Romans who were in touch with them and Christian monks, who lived in Irish monasteries in the Middle Ages. Caesar, Livy and Tacitus, wrote about their contemporaries who lived in a way different than themselves and therefore were considered barbarians, but even though they did not have a positive attitude towards them, they still left some useful information about Celtic society, religion, way of life, and so on. One of the problems that arise from this is that many things in these writings are romanised, e.g. Caesar interprets Celtic gods and calls them by the names of their Roman equivalents: They worship as their divinity, Mercury, in particular, and have many images of him, and regard him as the inventor of all arts, they consider him the guide of their journeys and marches, and believe him to have great influence over the acquisition of gain and mercantile transactions. Next to him they worship Apollo, and Mars, and Jupiter, and Minerva; respecting these deities they have for the most part the same belief as other nations: that Apollo averts diseases, that Minerva imparts the invention of manufactures, that Jupiter possesses the sovereignty of the heavenly powers; that Mars presides over wars. The second type of sources are the books written from 6th - 13th century on by Christian monks in Ireland and Celtic Britain. These books were written several centuries later, so the oral tradition might have changed and much of the information was under Christian influences. The Celts were one of the most significant and pow...

Animal Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Animal Testing - Essay Example This paper stresses that the law has provided different safeguards that prohibit the mistreatment of animals whether at homes, in the laboratories or even while they are in their natural habitats. The essence of the establishment of such laws is to ensure that animals are safeguarded from being subjected to painful and other physical suffering by humans. Thus, if the law could go all the way to establish safeguards that alleviate different forms of animal suffering that might be caused by their interactions with humans, it is logical that animal life is considered equally important. However, there is no need for laws that safeguard animals from being subjected to different forms of mistreatment by humans, if the animals can also be subjected to even worse treatment in the laboratories and other medical experimentation facilities. This report makes a conclusion that animal testing has been applied productively throughout the human history, in order to develop different medication and treatment procedure for humans. While this is a noble outcome of animal testing, many animals have suffered and others lost their lives in the process, with over 2 million animals being subjected to animal testing every year in the USA alone. The time and financial costs involved in animal testing are also huge, yet there are cheap technological alternatives which may give similar results while utilizing less time and resources. Due to the fact that all life is precious, whether animal or human life, there is a need to abolish animal testing. In its place, different alternatives that are time and financially cheaper, yet not costly in terms of lives lost and suffering endured by the animals can be adapted.

Management Theory and Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management Theory and Practices - Essay Example Its object is to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify [them] and prevent recurrence." The main focus of the controlling function is to make sure that everything is going according to plan and whatever is not going according to plan is fixed up as soon as possible. Modern day function of controlling has become very advanced; the managers are required to have the skill of foreseeing the events which are going to take place; on the other hand the function of controlling was only brought into effect after the problems were detected before the introduction of the modern functions of controlling. When a Manager adopts the method of controlling, he/she should make sure that it is done on a regular basis because controlling is a continuous process and should be carried out on a regular basis in any organization. Another important feature of controlling is that it is closely interrelated to Planning, under the process of planning, the goals are set for an organization and the f unction of controlling makes sure that those set goals are achieved in this way these two functions are interrelated. Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is one of the most popular and successful company in India. The company is extremely well controlled and not only is it well controlled but also the company exceeds the expectations of the shareholders every year. This goes to show that the company follows the principles of management very carefully be it planning, controlling or for that matter staffing. The Reliance group was earlier headed by the Late Dhirubhai Ambani, father of Mukesh and Anil Ambani and the company has been split into two now, both the brothers came to an unanimous decision to split the company into two. The company which is being talked about here is headed by Anil Ambani, the company is into more than one sector and every sector is very well controlled by Anil Ambani the Managing director of Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group. The company is into Capital, communication, entertainment and power. Anil Ambani is one of the richest people in the world and this is all because of his management skills. He has put efforts in making sure that the principles of management are stuck to by his company. The company is very strong financially; the company recently reported a quarterly profit US$ 14.2 and this speaks volumes about the controlling process going on in the company. It can be made out how good or bad the controlling process is by the annual results of a company and in this case it is very certain that Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is very well controlled. "Reliance Natural Resources Ltd (RNRL), part of the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, has posted a net profit of $17.14 million (Rs.686 million) during 2007-08 as compared to $7.21 million the previous fiscal." (Reliance Comm, 2 October 2008). It is very clear from the stats that the company is very well managed and the controlling process especially is very well taken care of. A Company which is Average is following the Function of Controlling India Infoline is another Indian company which is good and in the context of controlling it can be said that it is an average company. "The India Infoline group, comprising the holding company, India Infoline Limited and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, straddle the entire financial services space with offerings ranging from Equity research,

Identify and Discuss the Historical Significance of Five of the Essay

Identify and Discuss the Historical Significance of Five of the following terms - Essay Example The Jacobian Clubs were the most prominent societies responsible for the French Revolution and these groupings sprung up in Paris and other provinces but were associated with the main one that was based in Paris. These clubs were composed of the elite members of the society, who included artisans and tradesmen, who formed debating societies where they aired their political views on current political issues with an aim of carrying out a revolution.2 These members used the clubs to organize forces and plan tactics and were responsible for a number of terror attacks and in carrying out The Revolution members turned the provinces into living nightmares and went to the extent of attacking churches and looting and imprisoning priests. Nelson Mandela was the first South African democratically elected black president after a 20-year anti-apartheid campaign and served as president from 1994 until 1999 and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 jointly with the former president F.W. de Klerk for their efforts in bringing peace to South Africa.3 Mandela had served 27 years in prison for fighting against the former regime and had on several occasions refused to be released conditionally. He had directed a 20 year non-violent crusade against the rà ©gime and its discriminatory rules and in the year 2009, July 18, his birthday, was declared Mandela Day and is celebrated globally to remember him for his legacy and promote global peace. Thomas Peters / Thomas Potters was one of the founders of the Sierre Leone and he along with others recruited African settlers whom they used to colonize Sierra Leone.4 He was born in Nigeria and was to be taken by slave traders who sold him to a Frenchman in North America and later sold to an Englishman, and he fled during the American Revolutionary War. When he was free he decided to petition the British administration where he was able to convince the Royal administration to let him settle in Freetown, Sierra Leone and he

Swingline Stapler Essay Example for Free

Swingline Stapler Essay The Swingline Heavy Duty Stapler is an office supply, more so than a household item. A casual attempt to purchase a heavy duty stapler online (e.g., Amazon or eBay) makes it clear that there are numerous sellers of this product other than Swingline. Names like Stanley Bostitch, Sparco, Paper Pro, Hunt, Arrow, and Rapid, to name a few; and this list doesn’t include the models offered by the brick-and-mortar retailers like Office Max, Office Depot, and Staples. A more extensive search would only add to the list. Searching by brand within any of these online sites, however, pretty consistently reveals Swingline as the brand with the most choices; and more often than not, Stanley Bostitch falls into second on the list by product count. This anecdotal evidence hints that collectively, Swingline and Stanley Bostitch may very well have a strong share of a crowded market; oligopoly or monopolistic competition – it could go either way. Page 2 In terms of establishing the price for its heavy duty stapler, it is important to Swingline to price it reasonably close to its many substitutes. The competitors for this product provide a â€Å"range† of prices that serve as a boundary for Swingline to use in determining the price for its product – a feature of monopolistic competition. Based on the brand listing information, I would expect that a major competitor, Bostitch, is the one that Swingline pays most attention to – Swingline’s pricing decisions are somewhat dependent on the expected response of Bostitch. This is a characteristic of an oligopoly. In one sense, it can be argued that a heavy duty stapler is a standardized product – it serves one function. Due to this, there is not a significant amount of advertising done to try to differentiate the Swingline Heavy Duty Stapler from its competitors. Sellers in monopolistic competition and oligopoly both advertise to point out product differences, but standardized products exist primarily in oligopoly and perfect competition; so, in this regard, oligopoly seems to be the correct fit. On the other hand, attempts are made to give us the perception that the heavy duty staplers are indeed different. Paper Pro, for example, tells us this about one of their models: â€Å"Patented unique staple-driving technology provides the power to drive a staple through up to 65 sheets of paper with the press of just two fingers.† Yet a different Paper Pro brand tells us: â€Å"80% Easier than other heavy duty staplers†. Not to be outdone, Swingline counters with a pitch for its complementary product: â€Å"70 sheet staple capacity with Swingline Optima High Capacity staples†. Add different sizes, shapes, and colors, and a case can be made for product differentiation. This would seem to bring monopolistic competition back into the mix. Finally, on the surface, it seems that barriers to entry would be minimal. The production of a stapler does not require a high level of technology or a significant amount of financial capital. For a new seller to successfully penetrate the existing market, however, it seems they would need to have a price advantage due to the relatively standardized nature of the product. The ability of Swingline and Stanley Bostitch to match any new competitor’s â€Å"sale† price could effectively limit entry into this market. Based on this criterion, a case can be made for both monopolistic competition and oligopoly. In conclusion, it seems that characteristics of both monopolistic competition and oligopoly are present. This would put the market for heavy duty staplers somewhere in the middle of the competitive continuum: perhaps some oligopoly-type behavior by Swingline and Stanley Bostitch, but more like monopolistic competition overall. Given what I perceive to be as an inability to earn a positive economic profit over time, I’ll hang my hat on monopolistic competition.

Gibbons V. Ogden :: essays research papers

After a four year hiatus in the Supreme Court docket, the court finally rule in 1824, the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, which eventually proclaimed the federally supremacy clause and the commerce clause, but it's impact of American commerce can still be felt today. The loose interpretation of the Constitution by Chief Justice Marshall had greatly infuriated and scared the Southerners because if the government could regulate interstate commerce, then it could one day regulate slavery; it's technically commerce. Therefore, states such as South Carolina passed the Negro Seamen Act, which was later struck down unconstitutional, greatly hit the issue of slavery. South Carolinians had great bases for their beliefs because of the recent Denmark Vesey uprising. Often this case is coined as the "Emancipation Proclamation of American Commerce," it should be gladly called that because of the reflection on the elasticity of the great paper known as the Constitution. The case solidified the Congress held all powers to regulate any modes of Commerce. Gibbons v. Ogden would prevail with the inventions of trains and airplanes as modes of commercial activities. Congress, with this case, was later to pass measure that would outlaw unfair price fixing on transportation of foods and pass epochal measures such as the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Federal supremacy was also finally solidified by this case. New York said that the Federal Coasting license that Thomas Gibbons had was useless in New York waters. Thus this sets-up the great issue of the day state gov't v. federal gov't. But as New York and the rest of the United States finally gets into it's head that the Constitution is the law of the land and that in Article IV, it states that "federal laws supersedes state laws"

Automobile Safety - Slaughter on the Highways Essay -- Argumentative P

Slaughter on the Highways If there is one thing that is largely ignored in our society, it is the sheer slaughter that takes place daily on our roads and motorways/highways. It just doesn't get the same media and political attention as crime and drugs do, even though the number of road deaths is far greater than in both of these categories. When politicans want to raise their popularity they nearly always talk about the high number of deaths from drugs and the like, and what measures they are going to introduce to bring these down. You rarely hear anything about major campagins to reduce road deaths. There is no votes in road safety ! Why ? - Because it just does not get the proper attention it deserves. If you piled up the bodies from just one year of road accidents, it would be called a massacre. If you look at the statistics and compare them with all other categories, in practically every western nation, road deaths are the single biggest killer of young people and then it is followed by other things like violent crime and drugs. The levels of the latter two are quite variable from country to country, but they are still always lower than road deaths. As an example, we will examine the statistics for Ireland, which would be reasonably average in that it lies in the middle of the best and worst of western nations. In Ireland which has a population of about 3.5 million people, around about 400 people are killed on the roads every year. This means over the course of just one year you have a 3,500,000/400 = 1 in 8750 chance of being killed. These odds are very high. If you thought you had these chances of winning the lotto, you would be delighted. The thing is, we are all in the road death lotto every day and we are f... ...in society. We simply should not accept things as they are. Why not aim for targets approaching zero or are you willing to say when your husband/wife or young daughter or son is killed that - Ah well these are the risks we take for the convenience of the motorcar. It's at that point you will be wishing that all individuals in society had not been willing to take the risks and had acted to reduce them and prevent your personel tragedy. After all, don't we all act to reduce other risks, such as house fire insurance, which is a much lower risk ? These targets can be reached and there are almost limitless minor technical tricks that can be employed to help bring about that situation. In fact maybe someone could make a start on the web site mentioned above and someone else produce the data for the booklet, (above also). The rest after that is largely politics !

From Leninism to Stalinism: A Logical Progression

The question of whether or not Stalinism was a logical continuation of Leninism is a difficult one. Stalinism did take significantly more drastic measures than Leninism did. There were differences in policy. But in spite of these, Stalinism still found its basis in Leninism. Even Trotsky, a friend of Lenin and a staunch opponent of Stalin, grudgingly admits that â€Å"Stalinism did issue from Bolshevism† (Trotsky). Stalin's policy of socialism in one country, his use of terror to eliminate opposition, and his suppression of democracy and the soviets were all characteristics of Lenin well before they were characteristic of Stalin. Although some of Stalin's policies were different from those of Lenin, what difference Stalinism did show from Leninism were either policies which Lenin had called for but never put into action, or logical continuations of Lenin's original principles, but modified to suit the demands of the time. One of Stalin's main focuses was on the concept of â€Å"socialism in one country† – that is, the focus on the betterment exclusively of his own country rather than on the international communist revolution. â€Å"Socialism in one country† began with Lenin. In 1918 Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Livtosk, which pulled Russia out of WW1 and surrendered much of the Ukraine to Austria-Hungarian forces (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). At this time, there was a revolutionary movement in the Ukraine composed of peasants and workers known as the Makhnovist movement. This group needed only the support of Lenin and Russia to launch their own socialist revolution. However, they were not given this support (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). Clearly, Lenin's focus was on the well-being of Russia rather than the International Communist Movement. He was focused on Socialism in One Country. Lenin's actions, compromising his political ideals for the sake of peace, would later be echoed by Stalin when Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Adolf Hitler on August 23, 1939. In addition to a focus on socialism only within his own country, Stalin also focused on a concentration of governmental control of industry and agriculture. This policy, originated by Lenin under the moniker of state capitalism, was a clearly established goal of Leninism well before Stalin implemented it. Lenin said that â€Å"Socialism isnothing but state capitalist monopoly made to benefit the whole people† (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). It is clear that his idea of socialism was one of governmental economic control. Moreover, Lenin fully intended for this plan to be implemented. He said that â€Å"If we introduced state capitalism in approximately 6 months' time we would achieve a great success† (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). As the government gained more and more control over the economy, Lenin felt it necessary to defend his actions. He published an article in April of 1918 in which he stated that â€Å"Unquestioning submission to a single will is absolutely necessary for the success of the labor process†¦ the revolution demands, in the interests of socialism, that the masses unquestioningly obey the single will of the leaders of the labor process† (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). In addition to demonstrating the Leninist ideal of state capitalism, it also shows that Lenin viewed absolute governmental authority as necessary, a policy that would be further instituted during the totalitarian rule of Stalin. One aspect of Lenin's state capitalism was the forced collectivization of agriculture. In article six of his â€Å"April Theses,† Lenin called for â€Å"Nationalization of all lands in the country, and management of such lands by local Soviets of Agricultural Laborers' and Peasants' Deputies† (Russian History 1905-30†³). In 1929, when Stalin forced collectivization onto the agricultural workers, he was simply putting Lenin's concepts into action. Lenin had had the original idea, and had felt it was a necessary action, but he had been unable to put his plan fully into effect. Stalin was able to take a previously incompletely implemented Leninist policy and put it into action. In their attempts to bring the workers under governmental control, Leninists were willing to take drastic action. In May of 1918, a new decree stated that only one third of industrial management personnel could be elected, the rest being appointed to their positions. In April of 1920, Trotsky stated that â€Å"Deserters from labor ought to be formed into punitive battalions or put into concentration camps† (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). Arguments have been raised which state that Lenin's New Economic Policy is a demonstration of the fact that Leninism's goal was not one of total governmental control. However, the New Economic Policy was only instituted by Lenin when it became absolutely necessary for the survival of Russia, and even then it was only intended to be a temporary measure before returning to state capitalism. Despite the temporary nature of the New Economic Policy, it was still viewed by many leading members of the Communist party as being too drastic a departure from Leninist doctrine. When Stalin abandoned the New Economic Policy, he was not abandoning a part of Leninism. Rather, he was banning a policy that even Lenin himself had not intended to be permanent, and that many people viewed as being a policy contrary to the aims of Leninism (Wood, p. 23-26). Stalin was also characterized by his strong suppression of opposition, which is once again a Leninist trait. A decree of the Sovnarkom on December 20, 1917 called for the creation of a commission â€Å"to persecute and break up all acts of counter-revolution and sabotage all over Russia, no matter what their origin† (â€Å"Russian History 1905-30†). The decree further read that â€Å"measures [to be taken against these counter-revolutionaries are] confiscation, confinement, deprivation of [food] cards, publication of the names of the enemies of the people, etc† (â€Å"Russian History 1905-30†). While these actions were admittedly not as drastic as Stalin's, they do represent a strong, forceful suppression of opposition. In addition, Stalin was in power after these measures had already proven futile. Given the ineffectiveness of these methods, a logical continuation of these policies would have been to increase the severity of the suppression. In addition, other actions taken by Leninism were far more drastic. In a Cheka raid in Moscow in April 1918, 26 Anarchist centers were raided, killing or injuring 40 Anarchists and imprisoning over 500 more (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). Another feature common to both Stalin and Lenin was their attempts to eliminate any democratic or representative forms of government. This too was a continuation of a long-standing Leninist policy well before Stalin was in power. Starting in 1918, in elections for factory committees, an approved list of candidates was created beforehand, and voting was done by a show of hands while a member of the Communist cell read the names and armed Communist guards watched on. Voicing opposition to the proposed candidates would result in wage cuts (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). Lenin's suppressions were not limited to non-communists. As Stalin would later do, Lenin also worked to eliminate any possible sources of dissention within the Communist party. In 1918 there was a faction within the party that was critical of the new policy of Taylorism, a system used to measure the outputs of the workers in the country. This faction was centered around the journal Kommunist. At a Leningrad party conference, the majority supported Lenin's demand â€Å"that the adherents of Kommunist cease their separate organizational existence† (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). Three years later, the 1921 party congress issued a ban on all factions within the Communist party. Speaking regarding one of these factions, the Workers Opposition, Trotsky said they had â€Å"placed the workers right to elect representatives above the party. As if the party were not entitled to assert its dictatorship even if that dictatorship temporarily clashed with the passing moods of the workers democracy† (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). We can see the dark motivations behind Leninism's banning of factions: to keep the democracy from interfering with the dictatorship. Well before Stalin was using his power to eliminate any who might oppose him, Lenin was carefully and thoroughly removing the opponents to his power. In the trade union congress of April 1920, Lenin stated that in 1918 he had â€Å"pointed out the necessity of recognizing the dictatorial authority of single individuals for the purpose of carrying out the soviet idea† (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). This concept of a single absolute ruler that Lenin felt was so necessary was to become one of the points for which Stalin was later criticized. In setting himself up as an absolute dictator, Stalin was merely following what Lenin had said was necessary. Another aspect of Stalin's suppression of opposition was his violent suppression of workers revolts and the soviets. Stalinism crushed revolts in East Berlin in 1953, in Hungary in 1956, and in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as many other, smaller revolts (â€Å"How Lenin Led to Stalin†). This policy would seem to contradict the Leninist ideal, in which the government was built for the workers, and a revolt of the workers would have been something that occurred only as a step towards a communist society. However, we can find this policy originating from Leninism. The Leninist government itself often showed strong opposition to attempts made by the workers to increase their power. The first All-Russian Congress of Soviets, held in June of 1917, stated that giving full power to the soviets would have â€Å"greatly weakened and threatened the revolution† (â€Å"Russian History 1905-30†). In 1921, at the Kronstadt naval base, workers attempted to elect a soviet. They also issued a declaration which called for the reestablishment of the democratic soviets, and an end to censorship of speech and press. These actions were supported by the workers, the sailors, and many members of the Bolshevik party. However, official Leninist forces stormed the base, killing many of the rebels who were unable to escape. Leninism had demonstrated that it was opposed to a representative government designed with the wants of the workers in mind. All of the defining policies of Stalinism were either policies that had originally being instituted by Leninism, policies called for by Leninism but not put into action until Stalinism, or else Leninist policies modified to fit the needs of the situation. Stalinism was a logical continuation of Leninism.